An evaluation of four embedding methods comparing speed, storage, and accuracy. Results show mrl truncation maintains high accuracy while reducing file size.
We recently evaluated four different text embedding methods to see how they balance speed, storage, and accuracy. We compared full-size regular embeddings, binary quantized versions, and a truncated method known as M-R-L.
The results revealed a clear winner for overall balance. By truncating the embeddings from over one thousand dimensions down to just two hundred and fifty-six, the M-R-L method cut storage space by seventy-five percent and cut processing time in half. Remarkably, it achieved the exact same ninety-nine point five percent accuracy as the full-size model.
In fact, on the most difficult sentence pairs, this truncation actually seemed to help. By weeding out the extra dimensions, it worked as a filter, removing background noise and forcing the model to focus on the strongest semantic features.
If storage is your absolute top priority, binary quantization is incredibly efficient. Combining truncation with binary quantization cuts the file size down to just nine percent of the original. While this extreme compression drops accuracy to around ninety-seven and a half percent, it remains a powerful option for resource-constrained systems.
Ultimately, for most applications, the truncated M-R-L method is the sweet spot. It delivers massive speed and storage gains without sacrificing accuracy, even on the hardest retrieval challenges.
Embedding Methods Evaluation: Results, Key Findings, and a Surprising Insight
On June 6, 2025, we ran a comprehensive evaluation comparing four different embedding methods—regular, binary, mrl, and mrl_binary—on a dataset of paired sentences. The goal was to measure each method’s speed, storage footprint, similarity quality, and accuracy against a ground-truth of sentence pairs. Below, we summarize the results, highlight the most important takeaways, and share one surprising discovery: despite dimensionality reduction, the mrl method actually improved accuracy on the most difficult sentence pairs.
Everything reported below comes from our JSON report generated at runtime.

| Method | Embed Time (s) | Sim Time (s) | Total Time (s) | Accuracy (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| regular | 0.5488 | 0.0010 | 0.5498 | 99.50 |
| binary | 0.2985 | 0.0020 | 0.3005 | 99.01 |
| mrl | 0.3011 | 0.0000 | 0.3011 | 99.50 |
| mrl_binary | 0.3015 | 0.0010 | 0.3025 | 97.52 |

| Method | Size (KB) | % of Regular |
|---|---|---|
| regular | 2,266.35 | 100 % |
| binary | 816.81 | 36 % |
| mrl | 565.92 | 25 % |
| mrl_binary | 204.79 | 9 % |

Below is a summary of the top-1 cosine-similarity distributions (for each sentence, we record the cosine to its most similar neighbor):
| Method | Mean | Std | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| regular | 0.9255 | 0.0435 | 0.7922 | 0.9860 |
| binary | 0.8808 | 0.0354 | 0.7740 | 0.9443 |
| mrl | 0.9248 | 0.0432 | 0.7937 | 0.9820 |
| mrl_binary | 0.8884 | 0.0354 | 0.8032 | 0.9597 |


The experiment categorized ground-truth sentence pairs into difficulty levels (1 through 5, with 5 being the hardest). Here is the number of correct top-1 matches out of 40 sentences at each difficulty:
| Difficulty | regular | binary | mrl | mrl_binary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (easiest) | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 |
| 2 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 3 (medium) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 4 | 40 | 39 | 40 | 38 |
| 5 (hardest) | 42 | 42 | 42 | 41 |

One might expect that truncating embedding dimensions or applying binary quantization would disproportionately harm performance on hard sentence pairs (difficulty 5), since these pairs are already “close calls” in semantic space. However, our results show:
Why might this happen? A plausible explanation is that the mrl truncation to 256 dimensions functions as a kind of regularizer: it filters out noisy or less-informative float coordinates, forcing the model to focus on the strongest semantic features. In effect, by truncating the tail of the embedding vector, you sometimes sharpen distinctions that matter most when matching very subtle, difficult-to-distinguish sentences. In other words, reducing from 1,024 dims to 256 dims can remove “noisy” directions in the vector space that might otherwise push two hard-to-match sentences slightly apart.
This observation suggests that, especially for high-difficulty semantic matches, more dimensions isn’t always better. A carefully chosen truncated embedding can actually boost performance on the most challenging cases—a counterintuitive but valuable insight for anyone building a nearest-neighbor retrieval system in resource-constrained environments.
This evaluation underscores that—far from being trivial trade-offs—dimension reduction and quantization can sometimes yield surprising gains on the most difficult retrieval tasks. By combining speed, storage savings, and even occasional boosts in “hard-sentence” accuracy, mrl stands out as a particularly robust choice for real-world semantic retrieval.
Here’s a sample using a piece of text from our internal agentic RAG pipeline. We’ll embed it using the same model but different methods. The visual impact of just how much information compression we’re looking at is striking, especially considering how close they are in performance.
Input Text:
Owayo headquarters are located at 5470 Kietzke Ln, Suite 300, Reno, NV 89511, USA
Binary MRL Embeddings:
71 117 124 108 140 112 190 186 218 11 224 183 45 11 23 187 227 139 80 255 69 49 194 195 216 49 38 223 176 238 48 84
Binary Embeddings
71 117 124 108 140 112 190 186 218 11 224 183 45 11 23 187 227 139 80 255 69 49 194 195 216 49 38 223 176 238 48 84 89 216 78 28 82 64 207 24 230 132 24 104 220 205 146 251 247 206 225 164 65 174 198 195 98 234 109 109 99 89 65 21 223 183 32 146 227 15 65 218 28 149 148 1 147 183 46 228 194 42 164 236 115 122 93 35 224 134 140 186 9 37 131 156 219 175 27 153 146 146 139 238 191 192 187 106 2 78 83 35 77 250 9 15 255 71 176 249 77 86 87 220 57 158 72 185
MRL 256 Dimensional Embeddings:
-0.1265343 0.82008207 -0.110318914 -0.6100255 -0.5296021 0.015677562 0.11397815 0.53097856 -0.17499244 0.64392024 0.35149568 0.29564062 -0.02466401 0.065258086 -0.4745373 0.3802824 -0.26294824 0.54623055 0.5102224 0.22611201 0.30248043 0.20380855 -0.84067285 -0.31903073 -0.07415995 0.42553836 0.32857093 -0.0469367 0.7168652 0.16165186 -0.5318038 -0.63474494 0.20950772 -0.9052298 -0.088074334 -0.36755788 0.50429726 0.034378607 -0.9997739 -1.4656237 -0.010628737 0.3463953 0.5884347 0.2849783 -0.8844611 -0.206935 -0.71667355 -1.0084801 0.7276159 -0.5753827 0.07795743 0.76599026 0.1511684 0.78912795 0.0658147 -0.03566352 0.21439466 -0.6960161 0.430086 0.69442135 0.27248186 -0.22236401 0.31023797 -0.35163894 0.101938814 0.7694024 -0.24116729 0.21857552 0.18383402 -0.0565552 0.13785216 -0.1628346 -0.70273244 -0.47599787 -0.46279162 -0.19974774 0.47162208 -0.53410155 0.4172037 0.5331871 0.09620747 0.10050209 0.75702655 -0.047052395 -0.94938934 -0.023197398 -0.519412 -0.12093674 0.13885036 -0.3116792 0.58785826 0.72878027 -0.16533051 0.29647776 0.0759554 0.72283596 -0.35069874 -0.15673232 0.5490732 -0.73514163 0.3479626 0.10882157 -0.25876132 0.48779795 -1.0811975 -0.21038097 -0.01318409 -0.35579512 0.8165927 -0.8240671 0.36605218 0.1216507 -0.22299036 -0.09330895 -0.79163766 0.35477725 -0.35548565 0.39042887 0.12415982 0.2042703 0.831929 -0.30851483 0.31233546 0.88820964 0.12270731 -0.13568652 0.03878006 1.0798723 0.056385178 0.48592398 0.24118 -0.895875 -0.6078344 -0.14668036 0.26164612 0.40309137 0.3893642 -0.5503412 -0.1018895 -0.3666536 1.3150369 -0.07203185 0.087906584 0.7595982 -0.26366323 0.8435318 -0.9420275 0.31510833 -1.315068 -0.412399 -0.47897327 -0.31686738 0.07943091 0.63984805 0.2415226 1.0891511 0.13428752 0.32805058 0.22152005 0.5012459 -0.2838702 0.019508425 -0.89559376 -0.4110269 -1.2855697 0.3078793 -0.5513207 0.20186408 -0.6931642 -0.3667551 0.86694217 0.17558587 -0.927482 -0.17592572 -0.32589924 1.0049601 0.6941614 1.2263421 -0.22953944 -0.15503527 -0.6158976 -0.17624578 0.27536672 -0.33485723 0.22395268 0.21177277 -0.008339778 -0.53319407 -0.9492347 -0.3231328 0.002876471 0.45275733 0.6326023 0.23103744 -0.8447424 0.052038588 0.083106995 -0.4965119 -0.24049434 -0.6501539 -0.6583528 -0.42559415 0.5046994 0.13465439 -0.049163688 -0.2679954 -0.08277833 0.28395408 -0.6548062 -0.01636838 0.42923677 -0.17045999 -0.49630532 0.235063 0.112993665 -0.20455424 0.036377292 0.09460148 -0.4477088 0.3620096 0.8126873 0.9158718 0.13335924 1.1990399 0.30597886 -0.020412255 0.16595681 0.0066588563 -0.23757082 -0.2184255 -0.0043512173 -0.03007321 0.0742151 0.6025173 0.38741404 -0.020744555 0.6948844 0.9036674 0.6146634 -0.47792393 -0.029537855 -0.41166735 0.5753102 0.26155382 -0.21807915 -0.23184082 -0.23517767 -0.6478374 -0.5534656 0.32736635 -0.07567799 0.43857834 -0.43502253 0.17669687 -0.7844124 -0.039588306
Original 1024 Dimensional Embeddings
-0.1265343 0.82008207 -0.110318914 -0.6100255 -0.5296021 0.015677562 0.11397815 0.53097856 -0.17499244 0.64392024 0.35149568 0.29564062 -0.02466401 0.065258086 -0.4745373 0.3802824 -0.26294824 0.54623055 0.5102224 0.22611201 0.30248043 0.20380855 -0.84067285 -0.31903073 -0.07415995 0.42553836 0.32857093 -0.0469367 0.7168652 0.16165186 -0.5318038 -0.63474494 0.20950772 -0.9052298 -0.088074334 -0.36755788 0.50429726 0.034378607 -0.9997739 -1.4656237 -0.010628737 0.3463953 0.5884347 0.2849783 -0.8844611 -0.206935 -0.71667355 -1.0084801 0.7276159 -0.5753827 0.07795743 0.76599026 0.1511684 0.78912795 0.0658147 -0.03566352 0.21439466 -0.6960161 0.430086 0.69442135 0.27248186 -0.22236401 0.31023797 -0.35163894 0.101938814 0.7694024 -0.24116729 0.21857552 0.18383402 -0.0565552 0.13785216 -0.1628346 -0.70273244 -0.47599787 -0.46279162 -0.19974774 0.47162208 -0.53410155 0.4172037 0.5331871 0.09620747 0.10050209 0.75702655 -0.047052395 -0.94938934 -0.023197398 -0.519412 -0.12093674 0.13885036 -0.3116792 0.58785826 0.72878027 -0.16533051 0.29647776 0.0759554 0.72283596 -0.35069874 -0.15673232 0.5490732 -0.73514163 0.3479626 0.10882157 -0.25876132 0.48779795 -1.0811975 -0.21038097 -0.01318409 -0.35579512 0.8165927 -0.8240671 0.36605218 0.1216507 -0.22299036 -0.09330895 -0.79163766 0.35477725 -0.35548565 0.39042887 0.12415982 0.2042703 0.831929 -0.30851483 0.31233546 0.88820964 0.12270731 -0.13568652 0.03878006 1.0798723 0.056385178 0.48592398 0.24118 -0.895875 -0.6078344 -0.14668036 0.26164612 0.40309137 0.3893642 -0.5503412 -0.1018895 -0.3666536 1.3150369 -0.07203185 0.087906584 0.7595982 -0.26366323 0.8435318 -0.9420275 0.31510833 -1.315068 -0.412399 -0.47897327 -0.31686738 0.07943091 0.63984805 0.2415226 1.0891511 0.13428752 0.32805058 0.22152005 0.5012459 -0.2838702 0.019508425 -0.89559376 -0.4110269 -1.2855697 0.3078793 -0.5513207 0.20186408 -0.6931642 -0.3667551 0.86694217 0.17558587 -0.927482 -0.17592572 -0.32589924 1.0049601 0.6941614 1.2263421 -0.22953944 -0.15503527 -0.6158976 -0.17624578 0.27536672 -0.33485723 0.22395268 0.21177277 -0.008339778 -0.53319407 -0.9492347 -0.3231328 0.002876471 0.45275733 0.6326023 0.23103744 -0.8447424 0.052038588 0.083106995 -0.4965119 -0.24049434 -0.6501539 -0.6583528 -0.42559415 0.5046994 0.13465439 -0.049163688 -0.2679954 -0.08277833 0.28395408 -0.6548062 -0.01636838 0.42923677 -0.17045999 -0.49630532 0.235063 0.112993665 -0.20455424 0.036377292 0.09460148 -0.4477088 0.3620096 0.8126873 0.9158718 0.13335924 1.1990399 0.30597886 -0.020412255 0.16595681 0.0066588563 -0.23757082 -0.2184255 -0.0043512173 -0.03007321 0.0742151 0.6025173 0.38741404 -0.020744555 0.6948844 0.9036674 0.6146634 -0.47792393 -0.029537855 -0.41166735 0.5753102 0.26155382 -0.21807915 -0.23184082 -0.23517767 -0.6478374 -0.5534656 0.32736635 -0.07567799 0.43857834 -0.43502253 0.17669687 -0.7844124 -0.039588306 -0.48291507 0.37091422 -0.33908314 0.2132256 0.08879693 -0.19823262 -0.11425367 0.2234637 0.20309447 0.002771456 -0.260877 0.7475132 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0.028180066 0.982986 -0.6955943 -0.0025826886 0.23391466 0.12779367 -0.4374205 -0.3236497 0.022197248 0.32421684 -0.62082547 0.34360278 0.29678556 -1.0925034 -0.3412331 0.38284442 -0.9668197 -0.33886617 0.4538325 -0.6718355 0.6702118 0.1229792 0.17488387 0.015265303 0.19751483 -0.24965094 0.58180124 0.748483 0.6634381 0.03220409 0.14171897 0.20350817 -0.1799155 0.2688538 0.24591918 0.18081564 0.48646826 0.07041702 -0.868582 -0.611362 0.7380996 0.35994574 0.78340816 -0.09039226 0.33257544 1.0214131 0.56971765 -0.3046297 -0.93025213 -0.5596697 -0.05586979 0.5848395 0.3126951 -0.08618602 0.32091343 -0.42081285 -0.20357889 0.05943345 -0.62088394 -0.026739784 -0.60921955 0.11146992 -0.3973027 -0.18798876 -0.5722979 -0.0020868185 -1.2055811 0.8563994 0.6399509 -0.5981984 0.3637058 -0.78832114 0.37062746 0.26096538 0.25578654 -0.37302828 0.19956078 0.49382967 -0.5952309 -0.07803636 -0.4164723 0.8528953 0.42942092 -0.14286116 0.64120036 0.56303406 -0.24771057 -0.5545252 -0.14938562 -0.72367764 0.0033274312 0.22349262 -0.24992737 0.056585543 0.52416784 -0.117646046 -0.1914711 -0.2347065 0.15017594 -0.60897934 0.62384796 0.6927745 0.8098773 -0.14852048 0.17611481 -0.3707282 0.6116622 -0.4622789 -0.38333595 0.49030194 1.2002004 -0.58979183 0.5439781 0.2092785 -0.9323804 0.39692843 -0.3384574 0.09816061 0.023693109 -1.0219014 0.28319407 0.11798043 -0.14411774 0.7834707 -0.38426304 0.25736576 0.47558847 -0.19797978 -0.3171102 -0.37177 0.2608961 0.8457771 -0.60360265 0.8077115 -0.6006631 0.12261704 0.16604069 -0.46812636 -0.0073651643 0.18431656 -0.92258376 0.31228125 -0.0073801572 -0.5085064 -0.13612896 -1.2111968 -0.07150262 0.1629142 -0.48276028 -0.4458793 -0.8898111 1.025041 -0.19731075 0.89314103 -0.10910203 0.9432207 0.4755921 0.036895186 -0.78342384 0.19327122 0.62933356 0.053962223 0.15122883 1.0833378 0.25922316 -0.5659045 0.062609255 0.045444157 -0.046508167 0.061830293 0.11505561 0.43599924 -0.13634953 -0.9643307 0.12282005 -0.85537857 -0.26923993 -0.67377204 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-0.31094965 0.8617428 -0.2780682 0.8150008 0.6725559 0.13614391 0.7553265 0.6900425 -0.28700814 0.26259097 0.06866645 0.9755453 -0.24464822 -0.53193605 -0.40035516 -0.022782134 0.53123325 0.8269285 0.6653648 -0.19781779 -0.014016478 0.069808625 0.3219856 -1.2654588 -0.2028693 0.6068143 0.3148606 0.11555031 0.070121 -0.34351382 -0.67531425 0.574347 -0.341136 -0.36103526 0.40552172 -0.124884024 -0.09707443 -0.3533114 0.0015976208 -0.39007822 0.1735838 0.7387476 0.52283067 -0.4928086 -0.8002257 0.35249114
I’ve used: https://huggingface.co/mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1
There are some great new wave embedding models such as:
https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-multilingual-gemma2
https://huggingface.co/Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base
Hi Dejan! Which model did you use for the embeddings? I understand that both accuracy and speed depend on the model used, some models lose less quality when quantized.
Another question: any experience with non-English languages? There are more models out there now, but it’s tough to find free ones that match the performance of the English ones.
Thanks!